CFA Institute CFA-Level-II Exam - Topic 2 Question 108 Discussion

Jill Surratt, CFA, and Elizabeth Castillo, CFA, are analysts for Summit Consulting. Summit provides investment advice to hedge funds and actively managed investment funds throughout the United States and Canada.

Surratt and Castillo have a client, Tom Carr, who is interested in increasing his returns from foreign currency positions. Carr currently has a position in Japanese yen () that he wishes to convert to Taiwanese dollars (NTS) because he thinks the Taiwanese currency will appreciate in the near term. He docs not have a quote for yen in terms of the NTS, but has received quotes for both currencies in terms of the U .S . dollar The quotes are $0.008852-56 for the yen and $0.02874-6 for the Taiwanese dollar. He would like to purchase NTS10 million.

Discussing these quotes, Surratt notes that the bid-ask spread is affected by many factors. She states that if an economic crisis were expected in the Asian markets, then the bid-ask spread of the currency quotes should widen. Castillo states that if a dealer wished to unload an excess inventor}' of yen, the typical response would be to lower her ask for the yen, thereby narrowing the bid-ask spread.

In regards to changes in currency values, Surratt states that if the U .S . Federal Reserve unexpectedly restricts the growth of the money supply and foreign interest rates remain constant, then the U .S . interest rate differential should increase, thereby increasing the value of the dollar. She states that this change may occur without a change in the quantity of dollars traded. Surratt also mentions that in addition to monetary policy having an impact on exchange rates, governments sometimes intervene directly into the foreign currency markets. She states that if a country was defending its currency value, it would buy up its currency for as long as needed in the foreign currency markets.

In addition to using monetary policy, Summit Consulting uses anticipated changes in fiscal policy to forecast exchange rates and the balance of payments for a country. Castillo states that if the U .S . Congress were to unexpectedly reduce the budget deficit, then this should have a positive impact on the value of the dollar in the short-run because foreigners would have more confidence in the U .S . economy. Castillo adds that this change would result in changes in the balance of payments components, with the trade deficit and the capital account surplus decreasing.

Another of Summit's clients is Jack Ponder. Ponder would like to investigate the possibility of using covered interest arbitrage to earn risk free profits over the next three months, assuming initial capital of $1 million. He asks Surratt to gather information on the inflation rates, interest rates, spot rates, and forward rates for the U .S . dollar and the Swiss franc (SF). Surratt has also used technical analysis to obtain a projection of the future spot rate for the two countries' currencies. The information is presented below:

At a training session for new employees, Surratt and Castillo lecture on international trade and finance issues. To illustrate the concept of comparative advantage, Castillo uses two countries, Country A and Country B. Both produce computers and food but have different opportunity costs for producing them. A's opportunity cost of producing another pallet of computers is two bushels of food. B*s opportunity cost of producing another pallet of computers is five bushels of food. The table below provides the output from each country before international trade takes place;

Which of the following best describes potential gains from international trade in Castillo's example?

Potential gains: