Which of the following statements best describes a hub?
A hub is a physical layer (Layer 1) networking device used to connect multiple Ethernet devices in a network. Unlike switches or routers, hubs do not inspect or process frame headers. Instead, they perform a simple task:
Receive a signal (electrical or optical) on one port
Replicate that signal identically to all other ports
This means the hub does not examine Layer 2 (MAC addresses) or Layer 3 (IP addresses) and does not perform intelligent forwarding. It merely broadcasts all incoming traffic to every other connected device, often resulting in high collision domains and poor efficiency.
Option A describes a repeater, not a hub.
Option C describes a switch (Layer 2 device).
Option D describes a router (Layer 3 device).
Option B is correct: A hub does not inspect headers and replicates traffic blindly.
Nokia IP Networking Fundamentals Study Guide -- Chapter: 'Network Devices and OSI Model'
CompTIA Network+ and Cisco CCNA foundational guides (for universally accepted hardware behavior)
Which of the following enables service providers to support multiple customers with the same VLAN ID over the same backbone?
VLAN Stacking, also known as Q-in-Q tunneling, is a technology that allows multiple customers to use overlapping VLAN IDs while being transported over a shared service provider network.
Key Concepts:
Customer VLAN (C-VLAN): The VLAN used by the customer in their own network.
Service VLAN (S-VLAN): The VLAN used by the service provider to encapsulate the customer VLAN.
When VLAN stacking is applied:
A customer's Ethernet frame already tagged with a C-VLAN is encapsulated with an additional outer S-VLAN tag.
This way, multiple customers can use the same C-VLAN ID, but remain isolated by the unique S-VLAN assigned to them by the service provider.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A . VLAN Trunking: Used to carry multiple VLANs over a single physical link but doesn't allow reuse of VLAN IDs across customers.
C . VLAN Tagging: Refers to the general process of adding a VLAN tag; it doesn't provide the isolation needed across shared infrastructure.
D . VLAN Routing: Refers to Layer 3 routing between VLANs, not to ID reuse or transport over a shared provider backbone.
Nokia Service Architecture and VPNs Study Guide -- Section: ''Q-in-Q VLAN Stacking''
IEEE 802.1ad Standard -- Provider Bridges (Q-in-Q)
What happens immediately after an Ethernet switch receives an Ethernet frame?
What are the tasks of a Routing Table Manager (RTM)? (Choose two.)
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the development of the OSI Reference Model?
Kanisha
1 months agoEarlean
3 months agoTambra
4 months agoMaile
5 months agoMarisha
6 months agoNobuko
6 months agoFloyd
7 months agoIvette
8 months agoLavelle
8 months agoJonelle
8 months agoTrinidad
9 months agoBrett
9 months agoStephanie
9 months agoReid
9 months agoAfton
10 months agoDella
10 months agoNettie
10 months agoBette
10 months agoHillary
11 months agoCharolette
11 months agoDottie
11 months agoGlynda
1 years agoAleta
1 years agoKris
1 years ago