According to the implied capital model, operational risk capital is estimated as:
Operational risk capital estimated using the implied capital model is merely the capital that is not attributable to market or credit risk. Therefore Choice 'b' is the correct answer. All other responses are incorrect.
The unexpected loss for a credit portfolio at a given VaR estimate is defined as:
Unexpected loss for a credit portfolio refers to the excess of the VaR estimate over the average expected loss. The term 'unexpected loss' has this specific meaning in the context of credit risk, and not any other intuitive meaning. So if for a portfolio worth $100m expected losses are 4%, and the credit VaR at 99% is $12m, then unexpected losses at that VaR quintile are $8m. This is unrelated to actual realized losses versus expected losses.
Therefore Choice 'd' is the correct answer and the others are not.
Unexpected loss is used to determine the capital reserves to be maintained against a credit portfolio at a certain level of confidence.
For credit risk calculations, correlation between the asset values of two issuers is often proxied with:
Asset returns are relevant for credit risk models where a default is related to the value of the assets of the firm falling below the default threshold. When assessing credit risk for portfolios with multiple credit assets, it becomes necessary to know the asset correlations of the different firms. Since this data is rarely available, it is very common to approximate asset correlations using equity prices. Equity correlations are used as proxies for asset correlation, therefore Choice 'c' is the correct answer.
Which of the following statements is true:
1. Basel II requires banks to conduct stress testing in respect of their credit exposures in addition to stress testing for market risk exposures
2. Basel II requires pooled probabilities of default (and not individual PDs for each exposure) to be used for credit risk capital calculations
The correct answer is choice 'b'
Both statements are accurate. Basel II requires pooled probabilities of default to be applied to risk buckets that contain similar exposures. Also, stress testing is mandatory for both market and credit risk.
A bank prices retail credit loans based on median default rates. Over the long run, it can expect:
The key to pricing loans is to make sure that the prices cover expected losses. The correct measure of expected losses is the mean, and not the median. To the extent the median is different from the mean, the loans would be over or underpriced.
The loss curve for credit defaults is a distribution skewed to the right. Therefore its mode is less than its median which is less than its mean. Since the median is less than the mean, the bank is pricing in fewer losses than the mean, which means over the long run it is underestimating risk and underpricing its loans. Therefore Choice 'd' is the correct answer.
If on the other hand for some reason the bank were overpricing risk, its loans would be more expensive than its competitors and it would lose market share. In this case however, this does not apply. Loan pricing decisions are driven by the rate of defaults, and not the other way round, therefore any pricing decisions will not reduce the rate of default.
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