PECB ISO-IEC-27002-Foundation Exam Questions

The situation describes a people-related operational threat: data input error by employees. The root cause is not a malicious external attack or theft; it is that employees cannot reliably follow complicated processing procedures. ISO/IEC 27002 recognizes that people, competence, awareness, and documented procedures are essential to information security. When procedures are unclear, excessive, or difficult to follow, employees may enter incorrect data, omit fields, select wrong categories, mishandle classifications, misroute information, or unintentionally corrupt records. This primarily threatens integrity because the information may no longer be accurate or complete. Hacking would involve unauthorized technical intrusion, and information theft would involve intentional unauthorized taking or disclosure of information. Neither is stated in the scenario. ISO/IEC 27002 addresses this type of risk through information security awareness, education and training, documented operating procedures, clear responsibilities, and appropriate segregation of duties. Effective controls should make correct behavior practical and repeatable, not merely documented. Therefore, the verified answer is option A. Reference/Chapters: ISO/IEC 27002:2022, Control 6.3 Information security awareness, education and training; Control 5.37 Documented operating procedures; Control 5.3 Segregation of duties.

Control 8.31, Separation of development, testing and operational environments, aims to protect the production environment and production data from unauthorized or inappropriate change, exposure, or disruption. Development and testing activities often involve code changes, debugging, experimental configurations, test accounts, incomplete controls, and simulated transactions. If these activities occur directly in production, they can compromise confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Separation reduces the risk that untested software, test data, developer privileges, or debugging tools affect live systems and real business information. Control 5.13, Labelling of information, supports correct handling by communicating classification and protection needs, but it does not specifically protect production environments. Control 6.6, Confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements, supports legal and people-related confidentiality commitments, but it does not directly separate technical environments. The exam logic focuses on the control whose stated purpose is to protect production systems and data from risks introduced by development and testing. Therefore, option B is correct. Reference/Chapters: ISO/IEC 27002:2022, Control 8.31 Separation of development, testing and operational environments; Control 8.32 Change management; Control 8.29 Security testing in development and acceptance.

Access control software that allows only authorized employees to access sensitive files is a preventive control. Its purpose is to stop unauthorized access before it occurs by enforcing approved access rules. In ISO/IEC 27002, access control is implemented through policies, identity management, authentication, authorization, access rights review, privileged access control, and restrictions on information access. This type of software can prevent unauthorized disclosure, unauthorized modification, misuse of sensitive data, and violation of privacy or contractual obligations. It is not primarily detective because it does not merely discover an event after it has happened. It is not corrective because it does not restore damaged information or reverse the impact of an incident. Its security value is in blocking access attempts that do not meet authorization criteria. The principle behind the control is least privilege: users should receive only the access necessary for their role and responsibilities. For sensitive files, this is especially important because confidentiality, integrity, and accountability depend on correct authorization. Reference/Chapters: ISO/IEC 27002:2022, Control 5.15 Access control; Control 5.16 Identity management; Control 5.18 Access rights; Control 8.3 Information access restriction.

The purpose of Control 8.20, Network security, is to protect information in networks and supporting information processing facilities from compromise through the network. This includes protecting data in transit, network devices, network services, communication paths, routing, management interfaces, and connected systems. Network compromise can lead to unauthorized access, interception, malware propagation, denial of service, lateral movement, data exfiltration, or manipulation of traffic. Option B relates more closely to Control 8.21, Security of network services, which addresses security mechanisms, service levels, and management requirements for network services. Option C relates to Control 8.22, Segregation of networks, which specifically concerns splitting networks into security boundaries or domains. Control 8.20 is broader: it establishes the general objective of securing networks against compromise. ISO/IEC 27002 expects organizations to manage and control networks according to risk, including architecture, monitoring, authentication, encryption where needed, device hardening, and protection of network management functions. The correct answer is therefore option A. Reference/Chapters: ISO/IEC 27002:2022, Control 8.20 Network security; Control 8.21 Security of network services; Control 8.22 Segregation of networks.

A digital customer identity is the best example of an organizational asset in cyberspace because it exists, functions, and is protected within digital systems, networks, applications, and online services. ISO/IEC 27002 treats identities, authentication information, access rights, and digital accounts as critical security subjects because compromise of identity can enable unauthorized access, fraud, impersonation, privacy breaches, and loss of accountability. A digital customer identity can include usernames, identifiers, credentials, account attributes, authentication factors, access permissions, profile data, and linked personal information. Medical data and intellectual property are also important information assets, but the phrase ''asset in cyberspace'' points most directly to a digitally represented identity used for electronic interaction. ISO/IEC 27002 contains several controls that protect this asset type, including identity management, authentication information, access rights, secure authentication, and access restriction. These controls ensure that identities are created, maintained, verified, modified, disabled, and removed in a controlled manner. The exam logic therefore favors option B because cyberspace emphasizes digital identity and online representation. Reference/Chapters: ISO/IEC 27002:2022, Control 5.16 Identity management; Control 5.17 Authentication information; Control 5.18 Access rights; Control 8.5 Secure authentication.