The two kinds of PROACTIVE controls are
Proactive controls are those measures implemented to prevent undesirable events before they occur. Promoting controls are designed to encourage desired behaviors and outcomes, such as compliance with policies and procedures. Preventive controls are aimed at stopping undesirable events or actions before they happen, such as implementing security measures to prevent unauthorized access. Both types of controls are essential for effective risk management and ensuring the security and integrity of an organization's processes and systems. Reference:
COSO Internal Control -- Integrated Framework
ISO/IEC 27002:2013 - Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security controls
A NEGATIVE assurance opinion or statement is
A NEGATIVE assurance opinion or statement indicates that, based on the procedures performed and evidence obtained, the assurance provider did not identify any reasons to believe that the subject matter does not conform to the applicable criteria. This form of opinion does not provide absolute assurance but rather limited assurance, suggesting that nothing came to the auditor's attention that causes them to believe the subject matter is not fairly stated. Reference:
AICPA Auditing Standards
IIA Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing
The two kinds of PROACTIVE controls are
Proactive controls are those measures implemented to prevent undesirable events before they occur. Promoting controls are designed to encourage desired behaviors and outcomes, such as compliance with policies and procedures. Preventive controls are aimed at stopping undesirable events or actions before they happen, such as implementing security measures to prevent unauthorized access. Both types of controls are essential for effective risk management and ensuring the security and integrity of an organization's processes and systems. Reference:
COSO Internal Control -- Integrated Framework
ISO/IEC 27002:2013 - Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information security controls
Which of the following is defined as "a measure of the desirable effect of uncertainty on objectives?
Risk is defined as a measure of the desirable effect of uncertainty on objectives. According to the ISO 31000 standard, risk is 'the effect of uncertainty on objectives' which can be either positive (opportunity) or negative (threat). This definition encompasses the uncertainty that can impact the achievement of goals and objectives. It highlights that risk is not just about potential losses but also about potential gains that come from taking risks. Reference:
ISO 31000:2018 - Risk management -- Guidelines
NIST SP 800-30 Rev. 1 - Guide for Conducting Risk Assessments
A NEGATIVE assurance opinion or statement is
A NEGATIVE assurance opinion or statement indicates that, based on the procedures performed and evidence obtained, the assurance provider did not identify any reasons to believe that the subject matter does not conform to the applicable criteria. This form of opinion does not provide absolute assurance but rather limited assurance, suggesting that nothing came to the auditor's attention that causes them to believe the subject matter is not fairly stated. Reference:
AICPA Auditing Standards
IIA Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing
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