In Normal distribution, what percentage of the sample is found within 2 standard deviation of the mean?
In a normal distribution sample, within 1 standard deviation 68% of the sample falls within 1 standard deviation, 95% within 2 standard deviations, and 99.7% within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
http://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/resources-readers/publications/statistics-square-one
Which of the following is/are appropriate for pseudomonas skin/soft tissue infections?
Ceftaroline covers MRSA, but it does not cover pseudomonas. Ertapenem does not cover pseudomonas. Cefazolin does not cover MRSA nor Pseudomonas. Cefepime has pseudomonas coverage. Vancomycin does not cover gram negative bacteria.
Number of new cases per population at risk in a given time period is a definition of which of the following?
Incidence rate = New reported cases / summed person-years of observation (avg population during time interval). Prevalence = Cases in a population in a given time period / total population at that time Mortality rate
= deaths during specified time interval / population size at risk for death.
https://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson3/section2.html
A 23-year-old female presents to your clinic complaining of intermittent throbbing headaches that usually last for several hours and are made worse by the presence of light. She endorses occasional nausea without vomiting during the most severe episodes. Physical examination is unrevealing, and she has no significant past medical history.
Which of the following treatments is considered an abortive therapy for this patient's underlying condition?
Correct: A. Migraine headaches typically affect females more often than males, and patients most frequently present in their early 20s. Classic symptoms of migraine include throbbing headaches lasting between 2--24 hours in duration, with triggers such as red wine, fasting, stress, and menses. Primary prevention is aimed at the identification and avoidance of triggers. Over the counter NSAIDS can be used if symptoms persist. Failing this, PRN abortive therapy is indicated, including the triptans (e.g. -- sumatriptan) and metoclopramide. Choice B -- Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant that is considered to be a second-line, prophylactic treatment for recurrent migraine headaches. Its utility is limited by its lengthy side effect profile. Choice C -- Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, can also be utilized for migraine prophylaxis. However, it will not abort a migraine currently in progress, and extensive side effects limit its use. Choices D + E -- Propranolol and diltiazam are beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers, respectively. As with the anticonvulsants and tricyclic antidepressants, these
are considered migraine prophylaxis and will not interrupt a migraine once it has begun.
A patient with multibacillary leprosy is on dapsone, clofazimine, and rifampin. Which of the following is true regarding the mechanism of action of the medications listed?
A, B -- false -- dapsone inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid, via competition with para- aminobenzoate for the active site of dihydropteroate synthetase. Dapsone is both bacteriostatic and weakly bactericidal against M. leprae. Neither of the listed mechanisms are the cause of these effects. C -- False -- A substance with both anti-leprosy and anti-inflammatory activity, clofazimine is weakly bactericidal against M. leprae by binding to the guanine bases of bacterial DNA, not DNA polymerase directly. D -- False -- See below. E -- True -- Rifampin is bactericidal by inhibiting RNA synthesis by blocking DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
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