Which of the following weldments is most susceptible to dissimilar metal cracking when operating at high temperatures?
Dissimilar Metal Cracking (DMC) is a form of high-temperature cracking that frequently occurs in weld joints between carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel (such as Type 316 SS) due to differences in thermal expansion coefficients and mechanical properties.
From API RP 571 Section 5.2.3.1 (Dissimilar Metal Weld Cracking):
''Cracking frequently occurs in weld joints between ferritic and austenitic materials such as carbon steel to 300 series stainless steels due to thermal expansion mismatch during high temperature operation.''
Therefore, Option D (Carbon steel to 316 stainless steel) is the most susceptible combination and the correct answer.
Erosion and erosion-corrosion metal loss is characterized by:
Erosion and erosion-corrosion are mechanical degradation mechanisms enhanced by fluid motion, and typically result in directional or flow-oriented metal loss patterns.
According to API RP 571 Section 5.4.2 (Erosion and Erosion/Corrosion):
''Erosion typically results in localized thinning, often described as grooves, gullies, or horseshoe-shaped patterns... The metal loss is directional and may occur in elbows, tees, reducers, and pumps.''
Hence, Option C (grooves and gullies) most accurately describes erosion and erosion-corrosion characteristics.
(Which three residual alloy elements are of most concern when it comes to corrosion of carbon steel in HF Alkylation process units?)
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
In HF Alkylation units, API RP 571 identifies certain residual alloying elements in carbon steel that can significantly increase corrosion rates in HF acid service.
The most detrimental residual elements are:
Chromium (Cr)
Copper (Cu)
Nickel (Ni)
These elements:
Disrupt formation of protective iron fluoride films
Increase general and localized corrosion rates
Are tightly controlled in carbon steel specifications for HF service
Referenced Documents (Study Basis):
API RP 571 -- Section on Hydrofluoric Acid Corrosion
At high temperatures, metal components can slowly and continuously deform under load below the yield stress. This time dependent deformation of stressed components is known as __________.
_________ is a change in the microstructure of certain carbon steels and 0.5Mo steels after long-term operation in the 800 F to 1100 F range that may cause a loss in strength, ductility and/or creep resistance.
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