What must a federal agency receive from the U.S. Department of the Treasury before it can begin spending an appropriation?
D) an encumbrance
A Treasury warrant is the formal notification from the U.S. Department of the Treasury that funds have been made available to a federal agency. Agencies cannot legally obligate or expend appropriated funds until a warrant has been issued.
Apportionments and allotments come afterward in the budget execution process.
Relevant Reference:
Treasury Financial Manual (TFM), Volume I, Part 2
OMB Circular A-11 -- Budget Execution
GAO Red Book -- Appropriations Law
Answer : C. a warrant
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